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The Failure of Anticorruption Campaign as a Failure of Law Reform in Nigeria
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
60-68
Received:
16 April 2021
Accepted:
12 May 2021
Published:
18 August 2021
Abstract: Since 2003, anticorruption war has become a major plank of Nigeria’s governance reform. As part of the war, Nigeria has enacted anticorruption laws and established anticorruption agencies. This marks the triumph of ‘law enforcement’ over ‘change management’ approach to fighting corruption. This approach has not produced significant improvement in the integrity of governance and state institutions. Despite massive investment in law enforcement efforts, corruption remains prevalent and Nigeria’s standing in Corruption Perception Index (CPI) has not improved. This casts doubt on the potential of law as effective tool in the fight against corruption. The paper briefly reviews the history of Nigeria’s failed engagement with anticorruption campaigns and identifies the reasons for failure in the law enforcement approach to fighting corruption. Utilizing insights from culture studies and institutional economics, the paper argues against legal formalism as it manifests in excessive reliance on law enforcement techniques and tools to counter corruption in Nigeria. The paper argues further that law enforcement is too limited to constitute the main strategy for fighting corruption because it faces mainly on the symptoms rather than on the underlying causes of corruption as a social pathology. Therefore, an exclusive focus on law in the sense of what prosecutors and judges do, is ill-suited as a cure for pervasive corruption. To effectively control or contain corruption, the paper recommends abandoning legal formalism and contextualizing and socializing law in the light of insights from culture studies and institutional economics to change political culture and improve collective action.
Abstract: Since 2003, anticorruption war has become a major plank of Nigeria’s governance reform. As part of the war, Nigeria has enacted anticorruption laws and established anticorruption agencies. This marks the triumph of ‘law enforcement’ over ‘change management’ approach to fighting corruption. This approach has not produced significant improvement in t...
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The Practice and Challenges of Regional Policy Making in Ethiopian Federation: The Case of Gambela Peoples’ National Regional State
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
69-90
Received:
8 June 2021
Accepted:
12 July 2021
Published:
18 August 2021
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the practice of public policy making (agenda setting-policy adoption) in Gambela National Regional State, Ethiopia. To this end, the study utilized a mixed research approach and descriptive research design. The study found that the legal foundations of public policymaking of GPNRS include the constitution of FDRE (1995), the revised constitution of GPNRS (2002). Moreover, the administrative council of GPNRS and the ruling political party of GPNRS are the constitutionally mandated public policy actors and structures in GPNRS are the council of GPNRS. Though the constitutional guarantee for autonomous regional public policy making, in practice few central policy elites of EPRDF have played an exclusive role in defining and identifying policy problems and setting policy agenda. Whereas the legislature and the executive organs of GPNRS, under the strict control of the regional state’s ruling party remained to be platforms of policy formulation and adoption. Thereby study found that the practice of regional policy making failed to realize the exercise of the constitutional right of regional public policy making; and hence the constitutional promise of self-rule in GPNRS. The study has also found that: the political ideology of revolutionary democracy and decision making system of ‘democratic centralism’ and ‘party discipline’; the intermingling of the ruling party institutions and government institutions; Lower public participation; in-competency of policy makers and lack policy analysis unit; a fusion of power between the executive and legislative organ; and the asymmetric nature of Ethiopian federalism has also posed challenge in undermining the exercise of the constitutional promise of regional policy making; and hence self-rule in GPNRS. Hence it is recommended that deepening democratization, promoting decentralization of decision-making system, avoiding the intermingling of political party and government, establishing policy analysis units and building the policy making capacity of regional policy makers to realize the constitutional promise of regional public policy making in GPNRS.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the practice of public policy making (agenda setting-policy adoption) in Gambela National Regional State, Ethiopia. To this end, the study utilized a mixed research approach and descriptive research design. The study found that the legal foundations of public policymaking of GPNRS include the constitution of F...
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Chandra Gupta Maurya’s Policies – Relevance in the Indian Society
Dhanashree Balasaheb Kolte
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
91-95
Received:
19 April 2021
Accepted:
29 May 2021
Published:
23 August 2021
Abstract: The policies and programs implemented by Emperor Chandra Gupta Maurya are relevant in the current scenario as well. The main motive behind this research project is analyze the modus operandi and the structure of Chandra Gupta Maurya’s kingdom. It depicts the positive changes his kingdom brought in the Indian society in terms of public welfare, warfare, unification of fragmented territories, annexation, judiciary, laws, political setting, etc. Major features of the society at that period of time due to the emperor’s kingship is highlighted in the given research project. The study implies the prosperity and glory brought into the Indian society by this competent ruler. Even today we can relate to the major policies, government settings, judicial aspects, the role of state head in a sovereign state, administrative policies, management, prewar preparations, etc. because history repeats itself. The futuristic vision of Chandra Gupta Maurya is the foundation stone of his successful empire. He efficiently divided the administration into subdivisions allotting different tasks to each administrator handing a division. The concept that labor division is the prerequisite to build a massive kingdom is evident here. Chandra Gupta Maurya’s promising personality along with Kautilya’s diplomacy and guidance has paved a path to bright kingship leading to one of the organized civilization. The stress over ‘Dharma’ i.e. duty during the Mauryan reign is an important aspects showcasing that obligations are the part and parcel of a ruler’s life to bring positive changes in the entire society. Hence the idea behind studying the features of his kingdom is to comprehend that what made his kingship change the major aspects of Indian society as it is relevant even in today’s world.
Abstract: The policies and programs implemented by Emperor Chandra Gupta Maurya are relevant in the current scenario as well. The main motive behind this research project is analyze the modus operandi and the structure of Chandra Gupta Maurya’s kingdom. It depicts the positive changes his kingdom brought in the Indian society in terms of public welfare, warf...
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A Comprehensive Study on Private Sector’s R&D Incentivization Landscape in USA and India: Lessons Drawn for India
Radhika Trikha,
Nirmala Chongtham
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
96-104
Received:
29 July 2021
Accepted:
9 August 2021
Published:
10 September 2021
Abstract: Research and Development (R&D) is one of the most essential attributes of national socio-economic growth. The United States of America (USA) is the global powerhouse and the world’s largest R&D spender with 581.6 Billion USD in PPP global R&D investments. Although, India is the 6th largest R&D spender of the world and annually invests nearly 68 Billion USD in PPP investment in R&D which is nearly 80% less than that of the US. The US invests 2.8% of its GDP for R&D and India contributes only 0.69%. The unsatisfactory positioning of India in R&D parameters can be attributed to less than 50% participation of the private sector in the national R&D ecosystem in contrast to the US where private sectors contribute more than 70% of the total federal R&D investments. In order to enhance R&D investments in India, the private sector needs to be incentivized for stimulating its engagements in R&D. US executes strong financial support under its common programmes SBIR and STTR executed by each federal agency and creation of a Small Business Administration assemblage for business R&D. The Federal government also practices one of the most generous tax incentives on R&D expenditure incurred by the private sector across the globe. India has limited financial support provided by TDB and few ministerial departments and agencies such as DSIR and BIRAC. Moreover, India has radically truncated its tax incentivization scheme of 200% super deduction to 100% super deduction on private sector’ R&D expenditure. In the present study, a notable suggestion for enhancing private sector engagements in R&D has been drawn from the US system. The major recommendations include the introduction of target-based research credits, tax incentives on increased R&D expenditure to benefit all types of industries, creation of common industry R&D support programmes in each ministerial set up on lines of SBIR and STTR and enhancing the scope of eligibility of Industries and R&D expenditure as qualifying to avail government R&D incentives in India.
Abstract: Research and Development (R&D) is one of the most essential attributes of national socio-economic growth. The United States of America (USA) is the global powerhouse and the world’s largest R&D spender with 581.6 Billion USD in PPP global R&D investments. Although, India is the 6th largest R&D spender of the world and annually invests nearly 68 Bil...
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Incentivising Innovation and Technology Commercialisation in India
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
105-114
Received:
13 October 2021
Accepted:
4 November 2021
Published:
17 November 2021
Abstract: Intellectual property rights, in general, and patents, in particular, are associated with innovation, economic growth, jobs creation and higher wages. In fact, IPR-intensive companies amount to a much higher percentage of the GDP of a country than companies that do not own IPRs. Recognising the many pro-competitive effects of IPRs, in recent years, India has driven several initiatives to promote IP and, thus, innovation. However, some challenges remain. For instance, India faces low levels of R&D investment, insufficient domestic patenting, slow process to obtain and enforce patents, a too-small percentage of commercialised patents, and no national companies contributing to cellular standardisation, which is responsible for driving the digitalisation globally. This article examines several measures that would help India reach its full innovative potential: 1) further increasing the overall IP awareness in society by embarking on training judges, lawyers, and entrepreneurs on IP matters; 2) improving the efficiency of Indian patent system by focusing more on patent quality, which includes hiring more patent examiners at national patent office and providing them with more resources, as well as increasing the number of judges that would be specialised in IP matters; 3) providing direct financial support and tax incentives for domestic R&D and innovation; 4) introducing a centralised approach to support innovative MSMEs, start-ups and universities, especially when they choose to commercialise their IPRs and 5) the government could actively support domestic companies to participate in international technical standardisation and invest in the development of the next generation of standards in order to catch up with Chinese, US and European companies. Taken together, with the right policy measures, India would be one step near its goal of being one of the leading knowledge-based economies to the benefit of Indian society.
Abstract: Intellectual property rights, in general, and patents, in particular, are associated with innovation, economic growth, jobs creation and higher wages. In fact, IPR-intensive companies amount to a much higher percentage of the GDP of a country than companies that do not own IPRs. Recognising the many pro-competitive effects of IPRs, in recent years,...
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On the Synthesis of Some Artificial Sounds and Words of Human Speech
Viachaslau Vladimirovich Mitsianok
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
115-123
Received:
30 June 2021
Accepted:
15 September 2021
Published:
25 November 2021
Abstract: The paper describes the results of numerical experiments on the decomposition of some sounds and words of a person's speech into separate waves with slowly drifting amplitudes, frequencies, phases and their reverse summation in order to identify factors that are both important and not important for automatic speech recognition. The objective of this study is investigation the mathematical features of various sounds and words of human speech without using the method of Fourier transforms. Instead of Fourier transforms, the approximation method developed earlier by the author is used. This method allow expand of periodic or almost periodic functions to sum of modes with slowly varying (drifting) parameters - amplitudes, frequencies, phases. Such decompositions were carried out for samples of vowel sounds, simple syllables and words. After that, the reverse summation of the drifting modes was carried out. Before summation the modes, their parameters were deliberately distorted in order to identify factors, both significant and insignificant for the essence of sounds. The functions obtained in this way are of the nature of artificial sound functions It turned out, that for vowel sounds amplitudes of modes may be averaged over long time without lost the essence of sounds. The phases of sounds may be changed by adding any random constant value without lost their essence too. It has been found that In many cases, for to find the parameters, it is convenient use not the sound function itself, but its time derivative. It was shown, that amplitude of summing modes of sound function may be represent as sum of several Gaussian function as for simple sounds, as for syllables. The appropriate mathematical formulas and tables of parameters of artificial sound functions presented
Abstract: The paper describes the results of numerical experiments on the decomposition of some sounds and words of a person's speech into separate waves with slowly drifting amplitudes, frequencies, phases and their reverse summation in order to identify factors that are both important and not important for automatic speech recognition. The objective of thi...
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Research on Public Facility Renewal Design System Under the Background of Future Community Construction
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
124-137
Received:
24 November 2021
Accepted:
7 December 2021
Published:
13 December 2021
Abstract: Under the background of future communities construction, this article analyzes the systematic update path to construct future community public facilities by taking the renewal design of the community public facilities as the breakthrough point on the basis of interpretation of the future communities in Zhejiang Province, with humanization, compounding and ecologicalization taken as the value orientation. In view of the problems that it is difficult to achieve breakthrough changes in the living environment space of old residential areas, such as single functional structure, outdated public facilities and lack of systematic design, With the collaborative analysis of the three major factors of “people, environment, and facilities”, a SWOT strategy model is established to clarify the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats in updates in future community public facilities; Combining the renewal path of necessary, selective, adaptive and interventional facilities, this article updates the design of practical cases to derive the correlation between the needs of the crowd and different types of public facilities in order to build a public facility system that contains complex spatial model, diverse humanities and green communities ecology.
Abstract: Under the background of future communities construction, this article analyzes the systematic update path to construct future community public facilities by taking the renewal design of the community public facilities as the breakthrough point on the basis of interpretation of the future communities in Zhejiang Province, with humanization, compound...
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